Mid-sized European oil firms face tough choices as oil stays low

(Fixes spelling of Jon in paragraph 15)

* Boards seeking ways to bridge funding gaps

* Asset sales, stock issuance, new investors considered

* Graphic: Oil companies debt vs oil price http://link.reuters.com/quh65w

By Ron Bousso

LONDON, Sept 17 (Reuters) - Small and medium-sized oil companies, squeezed by the oil price slump, may have to raise expensive new finance, sell assets or seek new investors to plug any funding gaps as banks tighten up on lending.

Many of these companies have already cut spending and axed thousands of jobs following a more than halving in the oil price to around $50 a barrel since June last year.

But they may need to do more as revenues fall and the oil price looks set to stay low. Oil's fall last month to its lowest since early 2009 at just above $40 a barrel has dashed hopes in the oil industry for a swift recovery.

In many cases, banks lend money based on a company's oil and gas reserves base, in what is known as reserve-based lending, so, in theory, the lower the oil price outlook, the smaller the loan or credit line.

"Banks will be broadly supportive but for some riskier clients and transactions, there may be a gap in financing that didn't exist before and they will have to find alternative financing," one banker, who heads a loan syndicate, said.

"There is concern that banks will redenominate and reduce existing financing for energy companies. Banks are looking at this now, it's a live issue."

The companies and their banks sit down twice a year to review finances, which used to be a fairly routine conversation when oil was riding high. Most companies emerged from the April round of talks, known as "redeterminations" relatively unscathed because of expectations of an oil price recovery.

The current round may be more difficult as banks will have cut their long-term oil price forecasts, according to several bankers and consultants.

"Managements and boards have had to come to terms in recent weeks with the 'lower for longer' oil price view," Rupert Newall, head of EMEA energy investment banking at BMO Capital Markets, said.

Exploration and production companies with large project financing needs include Africa-focused Tullow Oil (LSE: TLW.L - news) , North Sea producers Lundin Petroleum (Other OTC: LNDNF - news) and Ithaca Energy (Other OTC: IACAF - news) , according to bankers and analysts.

Nomura has estimated Tullow Oil's net debt will rise to $4.7 billion by the second half of 2016, when its TEN project off Ghana's coast is planned to start production.

Tullow's net debt at the end of the first half of 2015 was $3.6 billion.

Tullow and Ithaca declined to comment. Lundin did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

In the United States, where some oil companies borrowed heavily to invest in shale, several have run into trouble this year, including Oklahoma-based Samson Resources.

But Jon Clark, a transaction advisory consultant at EY, said the chances were low of similar problems in Europe.

There have been a few casualties. Oil producer Afren , for example, decided to go into administration in July when it failed to win support for a refinancing plan.

Credit rating agency Standard & Poor's on Thursday cut its long-term corporate credit rating on British oilfield services company Expro Holdings Ltd to CCC+ from B-, citing its high leverage and the challenging market conditions in oil and gas.

BUYERS MARKET

The oil price is just one element that goes into the mix for the banks. Other factors such as a project's break even and its expected start date can significantly influence the size and terms of a loan. Also, hedging programmes undertaken by most companies can soften the impact of falling oil prices.

In terms of raising cash via asset sales, companies have been reluctant to sell because price tags slumped along with oil, while buyers have been holding back for even lower prices.

But financing needs may push some to turn sellers.

"We are starting to see some instances where banks are being put in a fairly difficult position of either following their money, finding an alternative capital source or calling time on companies. That is going to drive some transactions in the market," Clark said, referring to asset sales.

Private equity funds such as Carlyle Group, KKR and Riverstone have raised billions of dollars to invest in the energy sector.

"Some companies have used up the good will over renegotiating their covenants or needing various wavers signed around existing (loan) facilities, and have rationalised their capital programmes as best they can," Emma Wild, KPMG Head of Upstream Advisory Practice, said.

"The need to pay down debt and close funding gaps may result in a few bargains that those with capital have been holding out for," she said. (Reporting by Ron Bousso, additional reporting by Tessa Walsh in London. Editing by Jane Merriman)